They have a claim to great antiquity, with the earliest Vedic Sanskrit texts dating to the end of the second millennium B.C. There is a clear-cut difference between Vedic and post-Vedic Sanskrit in that the former has certain formations that the latter has eliminated. Modern Indo-Aryan languages are descended from Old Indo-Aryan languages such as early Sanskrit, through Middle Indo-Aryan languages; the largest in terms of L1 speakers are Hindi-Urdu, Punjabi, Gujarati, Bhojpuri, Maithili, Nepali, Assamese and other languages, with a 2005 estimate placing the total number of native speakers at nearly 900 million. A few non-contiguous islands of Hindi dominance in districts throughout India were colored with their local language. Some of the Indo-Aryan languages are used by relatively few speakers; others are used as the media of education and of official transactions. 284-285.] Its hypothesized some Dardic isolates carry features of the earliest Indo-Aryan languages found in India. The Hindustani blob is a result of Hindi cannibalizing nearly all the related Central languages in the modern period. Routledge language family series. While experts now agree they were brought from the Eurasian-Steppe by the Indo-Aryans, many Hindu Nationalists continue to maintain that the languages (and the Indo-Aryans themselves) are indigenous to India, and were in fact spread to Iran and Europe by migrations out of India. The Indo-Aryan Languages by Colin P. Masica, 9780521299442, available at Book Depository with free delivery worldwide. In the south, Urdu was used by Muslim conquerors of the 14th century. Though all Middle Indo-Aryan languages are included under the name Prākrit, it is customary to speak of the Prākrits as excluding Apabhraṃśa. [Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society, 3rd series, Vol. Below is a note on the methodology used: Saffronisation and Sanskrit Revival in India, New Impressive Data Visualization Projects — DataViz Weekly, Atheist Spends 5 Years Studying World Religions And Becomes a Baptized Christian Evangelist, You Can’t Live Well Until You Consider Death, The Indo-Aryan languages are grouped under the broader. By 2003 the constitution of India included 22 officially recognized, or Scheduled, languages. The Eastern languages cover regions where Buddhism and Jainism arose and took root, with a number of major empires originating in the area. The Indo-Aryan languages are a branch of Indo-Iranian languages.They are spoken in Southern Asia, including India, Pakistan and Bangladesh.. Related pages. In his ambitious survey of the Indo-Aryan languages, Masica has provided a fundamental, comparative introduction that will interest not only general and theoretical linguists but also students of one or more languages (Hindi, Urdu, Bengali, Punjabi, Gujurati, Marathi, Sinhalese, etc.) The structure of Proto-Indo-Aryan must have been similar to that of early Vedic, albeit with dialect variations. Some languages could probably be displayed with more granularity (like Nepali), but acquiring reliable info about certain sub-language groups was difficult. Please select which sections you would like to print: While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. All that can be said with certainty is that the Indo-Aryan speakers on the Indian subcontinent first occupied the area comprising most of present-day Punjab state (India), Punjab province (Pakistan), Haryana, and the Upper Doab (of the Ganges–Yamuna Doab) of Uttar Pradesh. The Indo-Aryan languages are grouped under the broader Indo-Iranian language family, and are descended from the first Indo-Aryan language to … Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. London and New York: Routledge, 2003 £65.00. Each of the major state languages has several dialects in addition to the standard dialect adopted for official purposes, and Hindi has not only dialects but also several varieties according to the mother tongue of the area; e.g., Bombay Hindi and Calcutta Hindi. The grammarian Pāṇini (c. 5th–6th century bce) appropriately distinguishes between usage proper to the language of sacred texts (chandas, locative sg. Indo-Aryan peoples also refers to the historical groups who spoke Indo-Aryan languages as well as to pre-historical peoples who are hypothesized to have spoken Indo-Aryan languages. According to the 2001 census of India, Indo-Aryan languages accounted for more than 790,625,000 speakers, or more than 75 percent of the population. The Indo-Aryan or Indic languages are the dominant language family of the Indian subcontinent, spoken largely by Indo-Aryan people. हँसी [ɦə̃si] "laughter", गंगा [ɡəŋɡɑ] "the Ganges". Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1991. The Indo Aryan languages Archived 2009-10-25 at WebCite; The Indic languages Archived 2004-12-08 at the Wayback Machine; Transliteration of Indic Languages & Scripts - Dr. Anthony Stone's Page The Indo-Aryan languages are spoken by at least 700 million people throughout India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Nepal, Sri Lanka and the Maldive Islands. They have a claim to great antiquity, with the earliest Vedic Sanskrit texts dating to the end of the second millennium B.C. The exception being the Urdu-majority areas in Sindh, as they are actually comprised of native-speakers descended from Indian-Hindustani migrants. (requires registration) Further the Indo-Aryan languages where nominative subjects can appear in non-finite environments also seem to allow Ergative subjects in certain non-finite environments. The Indo-Aryan Languages by Colin P. Masica, 9780521299442, available at Book Depository with free delivery worldwide. The Indo-Aryan languages are spoken by at least 700 million people throughout India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Nepal, Sri Lanka and the Maldive Islands. The term hindī (also hindvī) is known from as early as the 13th century ce. The development of Siraiki language in Pakistan (Ph.D.). With texts in Old Indo-Aryan, Middle Indo-Aryan and Modern Indo-Aryan, this language family supplies a historical documentation of language … A good way to think about it is that languages in different regional groupings are not mutually intelligible, while some within the same grouping are (but many aren’t). The Indo-Aryan languages are spoken by at least 700 million people throughout India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Nepal, Sri Lanka and the Maldive Islands. Some theonyms, proper names and other terminology of the Mitanni exhibit an Indo-Aryan superstrate, suggest that an Indo-Aryan elite imposed itself over the Hurrian population in the course of the Indo-Aryan expansion. They have a claim to great antiquity, with the earliest Vedic Sanskrit texts dating to the end of the second millennium B.C. Uncertainties regarding the course of Indo-Aryan migration make it difficult to determine the domain of Proto-Indo-Aryan, the ancestral language of all the known Indo-Aryan tongues, if indeed there was any such single region (see Indo-Iranian languages). Review of: G. Cardona and Dhanesh Jain (eds), The Indo-Aryan languages (Routledge Language Family Series; 2). chandasi)—that is, Vedic usage—and what occurs in the spoken language (bhāṣā, locative sg. 581–621. Linguists generally recognize three major divisions of Indo-Aryan languages: Old, Middle, and New (or Modern) Indo-Aryan. Indo-Aryan languages, nominative subjects cannot appear in non-finite environments. The Indo-Aryan languages are spoken by at least 700 million people throughout India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Nepal, Sri Lanka and the Maldive Islands. The North-Western languages are largely dispersed over the area of the Indus Valley Civilization. Asamiya, Bangla, Oriya, Punjabi, Gujarati, and Marathi are the state languages of Assam, West Bengal, Orissa, Punjab, Gujarat, and Maharashtra, respectively. Other Indo-Aryan languages that have been officially recognized in the constitution are as follows (the approximate numbers of speakers for each are drawn from the census report of 2001): Asamiya (Assamese, about 13,175,000 speakers), Bangla (Bengali, 83,875,000), Gujarati (46,100,000), Kashmiri (5,525,000), Konkani (2,500,000), Marathi (71,950,000), Nepali (2,875,000), Oriya (33,025,000), Punjabi (29,100,000), Sindhi (2,550,000), and Urdu (51,550,000). Gujarati is a modern Indo-Aryan language descended from Sanskrit (old Indo-Aryan), and this category pertains exactly to that: words of Sanskritic origin that have demonstratively undergone change over the ages, ending up characteristic of modern Indo-Aryan languages specifically as well as in general. Some notes on the content below: That’s all for now! ISBN 978-0-7007-1130-7. I placed them in the latter, but if I find something definitive that says otherwise, I have no issue making a change. Y. London: Routledge. It is widely used as a lingua franca throughout northern India, including Haryana and Madhya Pradesh, and in parts of the South. Urdu written in Perso-Arabic script is the official language of Pakistan, where it is spoken by most of the population as either a first or a second language. Structurally and historically, Hindi and Urdu are one, although they are now official languages of different countries, are written in different alphabets, and have been developing in divergent manners. The Pahari languages were kind of weird, as some sources placed them in the North-West group, and others in the Northern group. As far as mutual ineligibility goes, it varies. pp. Indo-Aryan languages, also called Indic languages, subgroup of the Indo-Iranian branch of the Indo-European language family. The Indo-Aryan languages are spoken by at least 700 million people throughout India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Nepal, Sri Lanka and the Maldive Islands. The Indo-Aryan languages. Old Indo-Aryan includes different dialects and linguistic states that are referred to in common as Sanskrit. I like maps, linguistics, and colors, so this post was inevitable. Author of, Devanagari script from a section of the Sanskrit. A wide variety of New Indo-Aryan languages are currently in use. Corrections? They have a claim to great antiquity, with the earliest Vedic Sanskrit texts dating to the end of the second millennium B.C. In the early 21st century, Indo-Aryan languages were spoken by more than 800 million people, primarily in India , Bangladesh , Nepal , Pakistan , and Sri Lanka . I'm not aware of any Indo-Aryan languages spoken in Baluchistan, Tajikistan, or Afghanistan (aside from the minor Sindhi encroachment in Pak-Baluchistan which I included in the map). Indo-Aryan languages, also called Indic languages, subgroup of the Indo-Iranian branch of the Indo-European language family. Unlike Middle Indo-Aryan, the New Indo-Aryan languages differ in the degree to which gender distinctions are made. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). By Colin P. Masica, pp. Bihari is a subgroup of the Indo-Aryan languages that is usually included in the Eastern branch of Indo-Aryan. who want to acquaint themselves with the broader linguistic context. The Indo-Aryan languages are spoken by at least 700 million people throughout India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Nepal, Sri Lanka and the Maldive Islands. Apabhraṃśa dialects represent the latest stage of Middle Indo-Aryan development. They constitute a branch of the Indo-Iranian languages, itself a branch of the Indo-European language family. I'm not aware of any Indo-Aryan languages spoken in Baluchistan, Tajikistan, or Afghanistan (aside from the minor Sindhi encroachment in Pak-Baluchistan which I included in the map). Three genders are retained in the west and southwest (Gujarati, Marathi, Konkani), and this is true also of Sinhalese. This is largely the result of a push by the Indian government to make Hindi the primary language of India, and while for most groups this simply means speaking it as a second-language (see Urdu in Pakistan), it has resulted in those neighboring languages already close to Hindi being entirely subsumed. Data for this dictionary was most recently updated in January 2006. In a treaty between the Hittites and the Mitanni, the deities Mitra, Varuna, Indra, and Nasatya … Be on the lookout for your Britannica newsletter to get trusted stories delivered right to your inbox. Thus the "that" in "of the nature of that" refers to Sanskrit. The Indo-Aryan or Indic languages form a major language family of South Asia.They constitute a branch of the Indo-Iranian languages, themselves a branch of the Indo-European language family.As of the early 21st century more than 800 million people speak Indo-Aryan languages, primarily in India, Bangladesh, Nepal, Pakistan and Sri Lanka. Somewhat curiously, in these languages this also seems to be true of Ergative subjects. Bangla is the official language of Bangladesh, where it has approximately 107 million native speakers—a figure that nearly doubles when those who speak Bangla as a second language are included. Professor of linguistics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia. The Indo-Aryan languages. Many New Indo-Aryan languages also have official status outside India. For example, the Hindi census category includes not only Hindi proper (about 422,050,000 speakers in 2001) but also such languages as Bhojpuri (about 33,100,000), Magahi (about 13,975,000), and Maithili (more than 12,175,000). A Unicode font must be installed to display them properly. They have a claim to great antiquity, with the earliest Vedic Sanskrit texts dating to the end of the second millennium B.C. They have a claim to great antiquity, with the earliest Vedic Sanskrit texts dating to the end of the second millennium B.C. The Southern languages predominate in what could be called, “South-India” (south of the. xvi, 539. bhāṣāyām) of his time. Achetez neuf ou d'occasion So-called un-Pāṇinian forms not only reflect the influence of vernaculars but also continue a freedom of usage—referred to as ārṣaprayoga (usage of ṛṣis)—already to be seen in aspects of the living spoken language Pāṇini described. These regional groupings (North, West, East, etc) seem to be the most popular method for classing the Indo-Aryan languages, but there are other systems out there. Data was largely pulled from census results and previous South-Asian linguistic maps. Our editors will review what you’ve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. Despite differences in genre, however, the Sanskrit found in such works generally agrees with the language Pāṇini describes. THE INDO-ARYAN LANGUAGES, edited by George Cardona and Dhanesh Jain, is a typical installment of the Routledge Language Family Services, which seeks to give brief but insightful descriptions of as many languages in a family as possible. A comparative dictionary of Indo-Aryan languages includes many uncommon diacritical marks. The Indo-Aryan or Indic languages form a major language family of South Asia.They constitute a branch of the Indo-Iranian languages, themselves a branch of the Indo-European language family.As of the early 21st century more than 800 million people speak Indo-Aryan languages, primarily in India, Bangladesh, Nepal, Pakistan and Sri Lanka. In a New Indo-Aryan language such as Hindi the distinction is formal: the candrabindu indicates vowel nasalisation while the anusvār indicates a homorganic nasal preceding another consonant: e.g. The Bihari languages are mainly spoken in the Indian states of Bihar, Jharkhand, West Bengal and Uttar Pradesh and also in Nepal. So some languages will be quite similar, while others much less so. With texts in Old Indo-Aryan, Middle Indo-Aryan and Modern Indo-Aryan, this language family supplies a historical … Decanni and Urdu are grouped under Hindustani (basically the same language), though don't really form majorities in any district. These divisions are primarily linguistic and are named in the order in which they initially appeared, with later divisions coexisting with rather than completely replacing earlier ones. who want to acquaint themselves with the broader linguistic context. The Central languages predominate in the Gangetic Plains, where the Indo-Aryans settled as agriculturalists and declared Aryavarta in the late Vedic Period. Other distinctions are also made within the language, so scholars speak of Classical Sanskrit and Epic Sanskrit. In the early 21st century, Indo-Aryan languages were spoken by more than 800 million people, primarily in India, Bangladesh, Nepal, Pakistan, and Sri Lanka. Ring in the new year with a Britannica Membership, Characteristics of the modern Indo-Aryan languages, https://www.britannica.com/topic/Indo-Aryan-languages. By signing up for this email, you are agreeing to news, offers, and information from Encyclopaedia Britannica. School of Oriental and African Studies. Middle Indo-Aryan includes the dialects of inscriptions from the 3rd century bce to the 4th century ce as well as various literary languages. With texts in Old Indo-Aryan, Middle Indo-Aryan and Modern Indo-Aryan, this language family supplies a historical documentation of … They have a claim to great antiquity, with the earliest Vedic Sanskrit texts dating to the end of the second millennium B.C. Noté /5. The most widely spoken languages of the Bihari subgroup are Bhojpuri, Magahi and Maithili.. 2 (July 1994), pp. The term zabān-e-urdū ‘language of the imperial camp’ came into use about the 17th century. Nepali is the official language of Nepal, where there are approximately 11.1 million speakers, and Nepali is also spoken by 3 to 4 million speakers in the Himalayan region west of Nepal. The reasoning being that I had envisioned this as a sort of ethno-linguistic map, and while an urban area in say Gujarat may return Hindi as the most popular language, they would still identify as Gujaratis (and likely speak the language). 4 No. Wagha, Muhammad Ahsan (1997). Information and instructions are available on the Font help page. There are other Modern Indo-Aryan languages with large numbers of speakers in India, though they lack official recognition; examples include various languages spoken in Rajasthan (e.g., Marwari, Mewari); several Pahari languages, spoken in Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand, and Sindhi, spoken by Sindhis in various parts of India. Omissions? A tremendous amount of controversy has been generated with regards to how Indo-Aryan languages came to be in India. Hindi written in the Devanāgarī script is one of two official languages of the Republic of India (the other is English). Retrouvez The Indo-Aryan Languages et des millions de livres en stock sur Amazon.fr. With this volume, Routledge has certainly outdone themselves, giving us over a thousand pages of linguistic goodness. Updates? In his ambitious survey of the Indo-Aryan languages, Masica has provided a fundamental, comparative introduction that will interest not only general and theoretical linguists but also students of one or more languages (Hindi, Urdu, Bengali, Punjabi, Gujurati, Marathi, Sinhalese, etc.) Languages of South Asia; Other websites. The most archaic Old Indo-Aryan is found in Hindu sacred texts called the Vedas, which date to approximately 1500 bce. The Dardic languages aren’t really a proper language family, as the term is sort of a catch-all for isolated Indo-Aryan dialects in the North-Western mountain ranges. However, this number does not distinguish among many speech communities that could legitimately be considered distinct languages. Get a Britannica Premium subscription and gain access to exclusive content. Indo-Aryan peoples are the present-day ethnolinguistic groups speaking Indo-Aryan languages, which is a sub-group of Indo-Iranian languages which in turn is a major division of the Indo-European language family. This book is a deeply impressive account of the current state of knowledge about the history and development of Indo-Aryan. The Indo-Aryan languages are spoken by at least 700 million people throughout India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Nepal, Sri Lanka and the Maldive Islands. The distribution of Indo-Aryan languages is a reflection of how ancient Indian history unfolded. Sinhala (Sinhalese) has approximately 13.5 million speakers in Sri Lanka, where it has been an official language since 1956. Includes different dialects and linguistic states that are referred to in common as Sanskrit a... Get a Britannica Premium subscription and gain access to exclusive content they have a claim to great,... 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